If you can boot in safe mode then check /etc/fstab and make sure your / partition is pointed to /dev/sdaX and not /dev/root
here's what the /etc/fstab file says on the "broken" virtual drive...
# Entry for /dev/sda1 :
UUID=fc136849-3c01-496f-88fa-97ab0c9/dev/root / rootfs defaults 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts defaults 0 0
68dcf / ext4 defaults 1 1
# Entry for /dev/sda6 :
UUID=de242e12-f479-4ef2-8b72-4553798fe639 /home ext4 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
# Entry for /dev/sda5 :
UUID=a87ca906-76ae-42a4-988f-e729a288556c swap swap defaults 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts defaults 0 0
there is also an /etc/fstub.old file that says...
/dev/root / rootfs defaults 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/pts devpts defaults 0 0
I have no clue what they should say.